Calcium Deficiency

Calcium deficiency (hypocalcaemia) occurs when the body’s calcium levels fall below what’s needed for normal bone, nerve and muscle function. Early signs include muscle cramps and spasms, numbness or tingling in the fingers, toes or around the mouth, and persistent fatigue or weakness; more severe deficiency can cause confusion, memory problems, seizures or irregular heart rhythms. Long-term inadequate calcium intake increases the risk of osteoporosis and fractures, and in children can impair bone growth and lead to rickets.

Common causes include low dietary calcium, vitamin D deficiency (which reduces calcium absorption), hypoparathyroidism, chronic kidney disease, and certain medications that alter calcium balance. Diagnosis is by blood tests measuring serum calcium and related markers (albumin, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone), plus assessment of symptoms and risk factors.

Treatment focuses on addressing the cause, restoring calcium levels, and preventing complications: increase calcium-rich foods (dairy, leafy greens, fortified foods), correct  Vitamin D deficiency, and use oral calcium supplements when needed; severe or acute hypocalcaemia may require intravenous calcium in hospital. Long-term management includes monitoring, lifestyle measures (weight-bearing exercise, smoking cessation), and specialist care when underlying endocrine or renal disease is present.