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Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is a serious nutritional disorder that occurs when the body does not receive enough protein and calories to meet its daily requirements. It is commonly seen in infants, children, older adults, and individuals suffering from chronic illnesses or poor dietary intake. PEM can significantly affect growth, immunity, muscle strength, and overall health.

The condition primarily manifests in two severe forms: marasmus and kwashiorkor. Marasmus results from a severe deficiency of both calories and protein, leading to extreme weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness. Kwashiorkor, on the other hand, is mainly caused by inadequate protein intake despite sufficient calorie consumption and is characterized by swelling, skin changes, and an enlarged liver.

Symptoms of Protein-Energy Malnutrition include fatigue, stunted growth, weight loss, reduced muscle mass, weakened immunity, delayed wound healing, and increased susceptibility to infections. In children, PEM can impair cognitive development and physical growth, causing long-term health consequences.

Diagnosis involves clinical assessment, dietary evaluation, and laboratory investigations. Treatment focuses on restoring nutritional balance through a protein-rich, calorie-dense diet, vitamin and mineral supplementation, and management of underlying medical conditions. Early intervention is crucial to prevent complications and improve recovery. Promoting balanced nutrition, breastfeeding, and food security plays a vital role in preventing Protein-Energy Malnutrition.