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Congenital Absence of Vas Deferens (CAVD) is a rare male reproductive disorder in which one or both vas deferens tubes fail to develop before birth. The vas deferens are essential ducts that transport sperm from the testicles to the urethra during ejaculation. Men with this condition usually experience normal sexual development, erections, and hormone levels, but infertility is commonly discovered during fertility evaluations.

CAVD may occur on one side, called unilateral absence, or on both sides, known as bilateral absence. Bilateral cases are more strongly associated with infertility because sperm cannot travel into the semen. In many patients, the condition is linked to mutations in the CFTR gene, which is also associated with cystic fibrosis. Because of this connection, genetic counseling and testing are often recommended.

Symptoms are usually absent, and most men remain unaware of the condition until semen analysis reveals very low or absent sperm levels. Diagnosis may involve physical examination, ultrasound imaging, and genetic studies. Although natural conception may not be possible in bilateral cases, assisted reproductive techniques such as sperm retrieval combined with IVF or ICSI can help many couples achieve pregnancy successfully.