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Penile cancer is a rare malignancy affecting less than 1% of cancers in men, with about 2,260 new cases diagnosed annually in the United States.

The most common early signs include a painless lump, sore, ulcer, rash, or skin thickening on the glans or foreskin, along with foul-smelling discharge or bleeding. Advanced disease may cause pain,difficulty urinating, groin lymph node swelling, and weight loss.

Key risk factors include HPV infection (causing roughly half of cases), being uncircumcised, phimosis (tight foreskin), smoking, age over 50–60, and weakened immunity from HIV/AIDS. Poor hygiene, allowing smegma buildup under the foreskin, also increases risk.

Treatment depends on the cancer stage and includes topical chemotherapy cream, laser therapy, surgery (local excision, circumcision, or partial/total penectomy), radiation, and chemotherapy for advanced cases. Early-stage penile cancer has an 85% survival rate, making prompt diagnosis crucial.

Prevention involves HPV vaccination, smoking cessation, proper genital hygiene, and regular medical check-ups for suspicious penile changes. Any persistent sore, lump, or unusual skin change on the penis warrants immediate urologic evaluation.