Compartmental Syndrome

Compartment syndrome is a dangerous condition that happens when the pressure within a confined muscular compartment increases. The compartments are surrounded by strong connective tissue called fascia that does not expand readily. Increased pressure from swelling or bleeding following an injury lowers blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscles and neurones. Permanent damage to the tissue can ensue if not treated immediately.

It usually affects the lower legs, forearms, feet, or hands. It can happen after fractures, crush injuries, burns, tight bandaging, or heavy exercise. Acute compartment syndrome is rapid and needs urgent surgical treatment. Chronic compartment syndrome is usually gradual in onset with repetitive activities and is relieved with rest.

Symptoms typically include intense pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, muscle rigidity, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Pain can increase when the muscle is strained. The ailment is diagnosed by physical examination and pressure readings inside the compartment.

The main treatment in acute cases is emergency surgery (fasciotomy). This operation involves cutting open the fascia to reduce pressure and restore blood flow. Early diagnosis and treatment are required to prevent disability, infection or muscle loss.