Sciatica

Sciatica, medically known as lumbar radiculopathy, is not a disease itself but a set of symptoms caused by irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve—the body’s largest nerve. This nerve originates in the lower pelvis and travels down the back of each thigh, controlling muscles in the lower leg and providing sensation to the thigh, leg, and foot sole.

The most common cause is a herniated lumbar disk pressing on nerve roots in the spine, though bone overgrowth or spinal stenosis can also trigger it. Sciatica typically affects only one side, producing sharp, burning, or electric-shock-like pain from the lower back through the buttock down to the calf or foot. Patients often experience tingling (“pins and needles”), numbness, muscle weakness, and pain worsened by coughing, sneezing, or prolonged sitting.

Fortunately, 80–90% of cases resolve within weeks to months without surgery through conservative care. Treatment includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, naproxen), gentle heat or cold therapy, and staying active—bed rest is discouraged as motion reduces inflammation. Physical therapy, stretching exercises, and short walks aid recovery. Surgery is reserved for severe, disabling pain persisting beyond three months or when bowel/bladder dysfunction occurs. Early movement and proper management usually lead to full recovery.