Scoliosis

Scoliosis is a spinal malformation in which the backbone curves sideways, commonly in an S or C-shaped pattern, instead of running straight down the back. It most typically occurs during the growth spurt of late childhood or early adolescence, but can also occur in adults from degeneration or incorrect curves. The origin is unknown in most cases (idiopathic), but some variants are associated with congenital vertebral abnormalities or neuromuscular diseases such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy.

Mild scoliosis may not cause many symptoms and may have just minor indicators, such as unequal shoulders or hips or a tilted waistline. As the curvature advances, it can cause back discomfort, stiffness, exhaustion, and noticeable spinal asymmetry that can make the ribs or shoulders appear more pronounced. In very big curves, there may be compression of the chest cavity, with an effect on lung function or, rarely, on heart function.

The diagnosis is based on a physical examination, posture evaluation, and X-ray measurement of the Cobb angle to quantify the curve. Treatment depends on age, skeletal development, and the severity of the curve. Many youngsters may not require anything more than periodic observation, while moderate curves are treated with braces to slow progression. Severe or fast-progressive abnormalities may require surgical correction of the curve with spinal fusion or instrumentation to stabilise the spine.