Gout

Gout is a frequent and painful type of inflammatory arthritis, characterised by the formation of uric acid crystals in the joints. It occurs when the body makes too much uric acid or when the kidneys can’t remove it properly. These sharp crystals build up in joints, causing sudden and intense pain, redness, swelling, and soreness. The big toe is the most common site, but gout can also strike ankles, knees, wrists, fingers, and elbows.

An episode of gout is often sudden, occurring at night, and may linger for several days if left untreated. Risk factors include obesity, heavy alcohol use, diets rich in red meat or seafood, dehydration, certain medications, and family history. Conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and kidney problems, may further raise the risk.

The diagnosis is based on symptoms, a physical examination, blood tests to assess uric acid levels, and sometimes joint fluid analysis or imaging studies. Treatment is aimed at alleviating pain during acute attacks and preventing future flare-ups. The usual therapies are anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids and pharmaceuticals that reduce uric acid. Lifestyle modifications like healthy weight maintenance, hydration, avoiding alcohol and a reduced purine diet can be useful for managing gout and decreasing repeated attacks.