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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that mostly targets joints, producing inflammation, discomfort, swelling and stiffness. RA is different from osteoarthritis. In osteoarthritis, the lining of the joints (synovium) is worn down. But RA is an autoimmune disease where the immune system assaults the synovium, thinking it belongs to a foreign invader. The most affected parts are hands, wrists, knees and feet, which are generally symmetrical (affecting both sides of the body).

Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis include joint discomfort persisting throughout the day, morning stiffness lasting more than an hour, weariness, low-grade fever, and weakness. The specific reason is unknown, but genetic, hormonal, and environmental variables, such as smoking, may raise risk. It is more common in women than men.

The diagnosis is based on clinical examination, blood testing for rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-CCP antibodies, and imaging procedures, including X-rays or MRI. Treatment is aimed at regulating inflammation, reducing symptoms, and preventing joint injury. Common alternatives include anti-inflammatory medicines, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic therapies, physical therapy and lifestyle changes such as frequent exercise and a balanced diet. Early diagnosis and treatment can greatly enhance quality of life and aid the preservation of joint function.