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Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) is a chronic condition caused by reduced estrogen levels, most commonly occurring during and after Menopause. It affects the tissues of the vagina, vulva, bladder, and urethra, leading to structural and functional changes. Common symptoms include vaginal dryness, burning, irritation, itching, painful intercourse, reduced lubrication, urinary urgency, frequent urination, and recurrent urinary tract infections. These symptoms can significantly impact daily comfort, sexual health, and overall quality of life.

GSM develops because declining estrogen causes thinning, drying, and inflammation of the vaginal and urinary tract tissues. Unlike temporary menopausal symptoms, GSM often worsens over time if left untreated. Diagnosis is typically based on medical history, symptom review, and physical examination by a healthcare provider.

Treatment options are highly effective and may include vaginal moisturizers, lubricants, local estrogen therapy, selective hormone treatments, and lifestyle modifications. Pelvic floor therapy and regular sexual activity may also help improve symptoms by supporting tissue health and blood flow. Early recognition and treatment are important to prevent long-term discomfort and restore confidence, comfort, and intimate wellbeing in affected individuals.