Freckles

Freckles are little flat light brown to dark brown spots that usually form on sun-exposed parts of the skin, including the face, shoulders, arms, and chest. Freckles, medically known as ephelides, are caused by an increase in melanin, the pigment that gives skin its colour, and are sometimes induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. They are more common in light-skinned people with light hair and a genetic tendency.

Freckles are harmless and noncancerous, but they can darken in bright seasons and recede in the winter months with reduced sun exposure. However, unlike certain other pigmentation disorders, freckles are not caused by an increase in the number of pigment-producing cells but rather an increase in melanin activity.

Prevention is generally based on sun protection measures, including the use of broad-spectrum sunscreen, protective clothing, and avoidance of direct sun exposure. For those who want to improve their appearance, cosmetic treatments such as laser therapy, chemical peels, topical retinoids, and skin-lightening agents can help diminish the appearance of these spots. Freckles, on the other hand, are a natural part of the skin and are generally regarded as a distinctive beauty trait.

Freckles are benign; however, atypical pigmented lesions should be evaluated by a dermatologist. Regular skin surveillance is recommended.