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Kidney stones are solid deposits of minerals and salts that crystallize inside the kidneys when urine becomes overly concentrated. Common types include calcium oxalate (most frequent), uric acid, struvite (often linked to infections), and rare cystine stones due to genetic defects. These stones can range from tiny grains to several centimeters, occasionally blocking the urinary tract.

Typical symptoms are sudden, intense flank or abdominal pain radiating to the groin, blood?tinged or cloudy urine, frequent or painful urination, nausea, and sometimes fever if infection occurs. Small stones often pass spontaneously with ample fluids and pain relief, whereas larger or obstructing stones may require interventions such as shock?wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Risk factors include chronic dehydration, high?sodium or high?protein diets, obesity, family history, and certain metabolic or urinary tract disorders. Prevention focuses on drinking 2–3 liters of water daily, moderating salt and animal?protein intake, and, when indicated, using medications like thiazide diuretics or potassium citrate. Regular follow?up and stone analysis help tailor lifestyle and drug strategies to reduce recurrence and preserve kidney function.