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Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs) encompass a spectrum of health problems caused by insufficient iodine in the diet, especially in regions with low soil iodine. Iodine is essential for synthesizing thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and nervous system development. In mild to moderate deficiency, the thyroid enlarges to trap more iodine, causing visible goiter and sometimes nodular thyroid disease.

During pregnancy and early childhood, iodine deficiency can severely disrupt brain development, leading to learning disabilities, reduced IQ, and, in extreme cases, congenital iodine deficiency syndrome (cretinism) with profound mental and physical impairment. Newborns and infants may develop hypothyroidism, poor growth, and delayed milestones, while adolescents and adults may experience fatigue, weight gain, and suboptimal school or work performance.

IDDs remain a major public health issue globally, affecting hundreds of millions, particularly in mountainous or remote areas where diets are low in iodine-rich foods such as seafood and dairy. Universal salt iodization is the cornerstone of prevention, along with targeted supplementation in high-risk groups like pregnant women. Early detection and adequate iodine intake can prevent most complications and significantly improve long term cognitive and metabolic health.