Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

Peptic Ulcer Disease is a condition characterized by the formation of open sores (ulcers) in the inner lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus. The most common causes include infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria and prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Excess stomach acid further damages the mucosal lining, worsening the condition.

Patients with PUD often experience burning or gnawing abdominal pain, typically between meals or at night. Other symptoms may include bloating, nausea, heartburn, and, in severe cases, vomiting blood or passing black stools, indicating gastrointestinal bleeding. Risk factors include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, and a family history of ulcers.

Diagnosis is usually confirmed through endoscopy, breath tests for H. pylori, or imaging studies. Treatment focuses on eliminating the underlying cause, reducing acid production, and promoting healing. This may involve antibiotics for bacterial infection, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes and stress management.

If left untreated, PUD can lead to serious complications like perforation, obstruction, or bleeding. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment significantly improve outcomes and prevent recurrence.