Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that occurs when fatty deposits, cholesterol, calcium and other materials build up on the inner walls of arteries. These deposits, called plaques, eventually harden and limit the artery lumen, reducing blood flow to essential organs. This process, over time, leads to a loss of flexibility in the blood arteries such that they are less sensitive to the regular circulatory demands.

The disease can progress silently over many years with no obvious signs. But when plaques grow larger or burst, they can cause major problems, such as heart attacks, strokes, or peripheral artery disease.

High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, diabetes, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle are risk factors. Ageing and genetic susceptibility are also important factors.

Atherosclerosis starts when the endothelium, the lining of the arteries, is damaged, often by bad lifestyle choices. This injury causes inflammation and lipid accumulation, leading to plaque formation. Prevention methods include a nutritious diet low in saturated fats, frequent exercise; and managing underlying diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Early diagnosis and proper medical treatment can slow down illness progression and prevent life-threatening hazards.