Kwashiorkor

Kwashiorkor is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition caused by prolonged dietary protein deficiency, often in the presence of adequate or even excessive carbohydrate intake. It predominantly affects young children in regions with food insecurity, poverty, frequent infections, and diets heavily reliant on starchy staples with little protein rich food. The hallmark clinical feature is edema, usually starting in the legs and feet and sometimes extending to the hands, face, and abdomen, giving the child a “swollen belly” appearance despite overall wasting.

Additional signs include growth failure, muscle wasting, enlarged fatty liver, irritability, fatigue, and changes in skin and hair such as dryness, cracking, discoloration (reddish tinged or pale), and easy hair loss. The compromised protein status weakens immunity and tissue repair, increasing susceptibility to infections and delaying recovery. Treatment focuses on gradual protein and calorie repletion, correction of electrolytes and micronutrient deficiencies, treatment of infections, and long term improvement of diet and care practices.