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Congenital hand deformities are structural abnormalities of the hand present at birth, affecting bones, muscles, tendons, or skin. These conditions develop during fetal growth, often between the fourth and eighth weeks of pregnancy, when the hands are forming. The severity can range from mild differences in finger shape to more complex deformities involving missing or fused digits. Common types include syndactyly (webbed fingers), polydactyly (extra fingers), and radial club hand, where the forearm and hand do not develop properly.

The exact cause is not always known, but genetic factors, environmental influences, or disruptions during fetal development may contribute. Some deformities occur as part of a genetic syndrome, while others appear in isolation without a clear cause. Early diagnosis, often made at birth or through prenatal imaging, plays a crucial role in planning treatment.

Management depends on the type and severity of the condition. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, or surgical correction to improve function and appearance. Advances in reconstructive surgery have significantly enhanced outcomes, allowing many children to achieve better hand mobility and independence. Early intervention, combined with ongoing care, supports optimal physical and functional development.