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Congenital (birth) defects are abnormalities that develop before birth and are present when a baby is born. These conditions may affect how the body is formed, how organs work, or how a child grows and develops. Some birth defects are visible at birth, such as cleft lip, clubfoot, or spina bifida, while others may be found later, such as hearing loss or certain heart problems. Causes can include genetic changes, chromosomal abnormalities, infections during pregnancy, nutritional deficiencies, exposure to harmful substances, and sometimes no clear cause at all. Many birth defects are linked to the first trimester, when major organs are forming.

Early prenatal care, folic acid intake, avoiding alcohol and tobacco, and managing health conditions during pregnancy can help lower the risk. Treatment depends on the defect and may involve medicines, surgery, therapy, or lifelong monitoring. With early diagnosis and proper care, many children with congenital defects can live healthy and active lives.