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Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common organ?specific autoimmune disorder, in which the body’s immune system mistakenly targets the thyroid gland. The two main clinical forms are Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, leading to underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), and Graves’ disease, causing overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). In Hashimoto’s, lymphocytic infiltration gradually destroys thyroid?follicle cells, impairing hormone production and often resulting in fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and dry skin. Graves’ disease, by contrast, produces stimulating antibodies against the TSH receptor, increasing thyroid hormone synthesis and manifesting as weight loss, palpitations, anxiety, and heat intolerance.

Genetic predisposition and environmental triggers such as iodine intake, infections, and stress contribute to loss of immune tolerance. Diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms, thyroid?function tests (TSH, free T4), and detection of autoantibodies (anti?TPO, anti?Tg, or thyroid?stimulating immunoglobulins). Treatment is tailored to the functional state: levothyroxine for hypothyroidism and anti?thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, or beta?blockers for hyperthyroidism. Supportive measures such as adequate selenium, vitamin D, and stress reduction may help modulate immune activity and improve quality of life.