Insulinoma

Insulinoma is an uncommon tumour of the pancreas, typically benign, developing from insulin-generating beta cells. This leads to an excessive and unregulated release of insulin and, thus, recurring episodes of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels). Patients often present with symptoms such as sweating, disorientation, dizziness, blurred vision, palpitations, and, in severe cases, seizures or loss of consciousness. These symptoms are generally relieved after the ingestion of glucose, a classic diagnostic sign.

Insulinomas are usually tiny, solitary, and slow-growing, although several tumours may be found in connection with hereditary syndromes, such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1. The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of hypoglycemia and a paradoxically high insulin level, commonly measured by a supervised fasting test. Imaging examinations, like CT scans, MRIs, or endoscopic ultrasonography, are used to locate the tumour.

The main and most effective treatment is surgical removal, with a high cure rate. In inoperable cases, medicines such as diazoxide or somatostatin analogues may help reduce symptoms, but they do not address the underlying tumour, which can lead to ongoing health issues if not monitored closely. Early diagnosis and management are important to avoid complications of prolonged hypoglycemia and to have a favourable prognosis.