Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is a metabolic condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood, typically above the normal physiological range. It most commonly results from primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy, though other causes include excessive vitamin D intake, prolonged immobilization, certain medications, and endocrine disorders. Calcium plays a vital role in muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and bone metabolism; therefore, elevated levels can disrupt multiple body systems.

Symptoms of hypercalcemia vary depending on severity and duration. Mild cases may be asymptomatic, while moderate to severe cases can present with fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, excessive thirst, frequent urination, and confusion. A classic clinical description is “stones, bones, groans, and psychiatric overtones,” referring to kidney stones, bone pain, abdominal discomfort, and mental disturbances.

Diagnosis involves measuring serum calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and related biochemical markers to identify the underlying cause. Management depends on severity; mild cases may require monitoring and hydration, whereas severe cases need intravenous fluids, diuretics, bisphosphonates, or calcitonin. Addressing the underlying cause is essential for long-term control. If untreated, hypercalcemia can lead to complications such as kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and bone demineralization, making early recognition and treatment crucial.