Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which one or more of the parathyroid glands produce excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to elevated calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia). This disorder is commonly classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary types. Primary hyperparathyroidism usually occurs due to a benign tumor (adenoma) or gland enlargement, while secondary hyperparathyroidism develops as a compensatory response to chronic low calcium levels, often caused by vitamin D deficiency or chronic kidney disease. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism arises when prolonged secondary stimulation leads to autonomous gland activity.

Excess PTH increases calcium release from bones, reduces its excretion by the kidneys, and enhances intestinal absorption. As a result, patients may experience symptoms such as bone pain, fatigue, depression, kidney stones, frequent urination, and abdominal discomfort. In mild cases, the condition may remain asymptomatic and be detected incidentally through blood tests.

Diagnosis involves measuring serum calcium, PTH, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels. Treatment depends on severity and cause, ranging from regular monitoring and medications to surgical removal of overactive glands (parathyroidectomy). Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to prevent complications such as osteoporosis, kidney damage, and cardiovascular problems.