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Parathyroid and calcium diseases are problems with how the body controls calcium levels. The parathyroid glands are in charge of regulating calcium levels. Located behind the thyroid, these four tiny glands make parathyroid hormone (PTH), which keeps calcium levels in balance by acting on bones, kidneys, and the intestines. Hyperparathyroidism happens when these glands work too hard, which raises calcium levels (hypercalcaemia). This could lead to symptoms including kidney stones, bone pain, tiredness, and stomach ache. On the other hand, hypoparathyroidism happens when not enough PTH is made, which causes low calcium levels (hypocalcaemia). The condition can cause muscle cramps, tingling, and, in severe cases, seizures.

Vitamin D insufficiency, chronic kidney illness, or cancer can also cause calcium problems. To get a proper diagnosis, blood tests must check the levels of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and PTH. Treatment depends on what caused the problem and may involve medicines, vitamin D and calcium supplements, or surgery to remove aberrant parathyroid tissue. To avoid problems like osteoporosis or heart problems, it is important to identify and treat the disease early. This will keep the body's metabolism stable and increase quality of life.