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Lifestyle choices like smoking, drinking, and long-term stress have a big effect on health and the ability to have children. Smoking releases both nicotine and carbon monoxide, which are dangerous poisons. These toxins make it harder for blood to flow, damage DNA, and lower the quality of eggs and sperm. It can speed up the ageing of women's ovaries and impair their ovarian reserve. In men, it can lower the number, motility, and shape of sperm.

Too much alcohol messes up the balance of hormones by changing how well the liver works, which is important for hormone metabolism. For women, excessive drinking might cause irregular periods and problems with ovulation. For men, it can lower testosterone levels and make it harder for sperm to be made. Even moderate alcohol consumption, when sustained, can imperceptibly diminish fertility outcomes.

Chronic stress exacerbates these consequences by disrupting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, resulting in hormonal abnormalities. High levels of cortisol can lower reproductive hormones, stop ovulation, and lower libido. Stress also leads to unhealthy ways of coping, such as eating poorly, smoking, or drinking too much alcohol. This makes reproductive health worse by forming a cycle.
Making changes to your lifestyle, learning how to deal with stress, and getting behavioural assistance can all help enhance fertility and general health.