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Genital Tuberculosis (Genital TB) is a type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that affects the reproductive system of both men and women. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the same bacterium that causes pulmonary tuberculosis. It normally spreads through the circulation from the first place it infects, which is usually the lungs. In women, it mostly affects the fallopian tubes, endometrium, and ovaries. In men, it can also affect the epididymis, testes, or prostate.

Genital tuberculosis, a common cause of infertility, often goes undetected, particularly in regions where tuberculosis is prevalent. It's difficult to find out about early because symptoms are often mild or don't show up at all. Women may have problems with their periods, chronic pelvic pain, strange vaginal discharge, or trouble getting pregnant. In men, symptoms can include soreness, swelling, or nodules in the scrotum.

The infection causes scarring, adhesions, and damage to the reproductive organs, which makes it harder to get pregnant. Imaging, endometrial biopsy, microbiological investigations, and molecular procedures like PCR (polymerase chain reaction) are all used to make a diagnosis. The treatment is long-term anti-tubercular therapy with a mix of antibiotics. Early care leads to better outcomes, but in advanced cases, structural damage may be permanent, resulting in complications such as infertility and chronic pain.