Parenteral Nutrition Complications

Parenteral nutrition (PN) delivers nutrients intravenously to patients unable to tolerate enteral feeding. While vital in critical care, PN is associated with several complications. Infectious risks are among the most significant, particularly catheter-related bloodstream infections, which arise from central venous access.

Studies show PN increases infection rates compared to enteral nutrition, though not overall mortality. Metabolic complications include hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, electrolyte imbalances, and refeeding syndrome, all of which demand close biochemical monitoring. Hepatic complications such as cholestasis, steatosis, and liver dysfunction may develop with prolonged PN use, especially in pediatric or long-term patients. Mechanical issues like thrombosis, pneumothorax, or catheter occlusion can also occur, complicating therapy. Additionally, micronutrient deficiencies or toxicities may result if formulations are not carefully tailored.