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Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a condition in which the ductus arteriosus, a normal fetal blood vessel connecting the aorta and pulmonary artery, remains open after birth. Normally, this vessel closes within a few days of life as the newborn’s lungs take over oxygen exchange. When it fails to close, extra blood flows into the lungs, making the heart and lungs work harder.

Causes and Risk Factors: PDA is more common in premature infants, babies born at high altitudes, or those with genetic conditions like Down syndrome. Maternal rubella infection during pregnancy also increases risk.

Symptoms: Small PDAs may be silent, detected only by a heart murmur. Larger PDAs can cause rapid breathing, poor feeding, slow growth, sweating during activity, and fatigue. In severe cases, complications such as pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, or endocarditis may occur.

Treatment: Options depend on the size and severity. Small PDAs may close spontaneously. Medications like indomethacin or ibuprofen can help premature infants. Larger PDAs often require catheter-based closure using a device or surgical ligation.

Prognosis: With timely treatment, most children and adults with PDA lead normal lives. Untreated large PDAs, however, can result in serious long-term complications.