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Neonatal jaundice is a common condition in newborns characterized by yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera due to elevated bilirubin levels in the blood. It typically appears within the first few days of life as the infant’s immature liver struggles to efficiently process and eliminate bilirubin, a byproduct of red blood cell breakdown. Physiological jaundice is the most frequent form and usually resolves without intervention. However, pathological jaundice may occur earlier, rise rapidly, or persist longer, often indicating underlying issues such as hemolytic disease, infection, or metabolic disorders.

Risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, breastfeeding difficulties, and blood group incompatibility between mother and baby. Diagnosis involves clinical assessment and measurement of serum bilirubin levels. Management depends on severity; mild cases require monitoring and adequate feeding, while moderate to severe cases may need phototherapy to convert bilirubin into a water-soluble form for excretion. In critical situations, exchange transfusion is performed to prevent complications.

If untreated, severe hyperbilirubinemia can lead to kernicterus, a form of brain damage with long-term neurological consequences. Early detection, timely intervention, and parental awareness are essential to ensure safe outcomes and prevent complications in affected newborns.