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Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a serious neurological condition in newborns caused by reduced oxygen (hypoxia) and impaired blood flow (ischemia) to the brain around the time of birth. It is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in complicated deliveries such as prolonged labor, placental insufficiency, or umbilical cord complications.

The severity of HIE is classified as mild, moderate, or severe, based on clinical features like altered consciousness, poor muscle tone, feeding difficulty, and seizures. In severe cases, infants may develop long-term complications, including cerebral palsy, developmental delay, or epilepsy.

Diagnosis is based on clinical assessment, supported by investigations such as blood gas analysis, brain imaging (MRI), and electroencephalography (EEG). Early identification is critical to improve neurological outcomes.

Management primarily involves supportive care, including maintaining adequate oxygenation, ventilation, and circulation. Therapeutic hypothermia (controlled cooling of the infant’s body) is a key evidence-based treatment that helps reduce brain injury if initiated within the first six hours of life.

Preventive strategies include proper antenatal care, timely recognition of fetal distress, and appropriate obstetric interventions during labor. Early intervention and long-term follow-up are essential for optimizing developmental outcomes.