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Congenital infections, also known as TORCH infections, are a class of microorganisms that can damage a developing foetus by crossing the placenta. Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, varicella, parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes simplex virus (HSV) are all referred to as TORCH. These diseases are especially problematic because they can cause serious harm to the foetus while remaining asymptomatic in the mother.

The timing of the mother's illness during pregnancy affects the impact of TORCH infections. While later infections may cause growth restriction, hearing loss, vision impairment, or developmental delays, early exposure frequently results in miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe congenital abnormalities. For instance, CMV is a major cause of sensorineural hearing loss in children, while rubella can result in congenital heart abnormalities and cataracts.

The diagnosis process commonly employs maternal serology, foetal ultrasonography, and newborn screening. Vaccinations against diseases like rubella, safe eating habits to prevent toxoplasmosis, and regular prenatal care are examples of preventive measures. Reducing long-term consequences requires early detection and supportive care, such as timely interventions and appropriate medical follow-up for affected infants.

In the end, TORCH infections emphasise the significance of prenatal screening and maternal health since safeguarding the mother directly protects the child's future.