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Congenital infections, commonly grouped under the acronym TORCH, refer to a set of infections transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy. TORCH includes Toxoplasmosis, Other infections (such as syphilis, varicella, and parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes simplex virus (HSV). These infections can cross the placenta and disrupt normal fetal development, leading to significant morbidity and mortality.

The severity of fetal damage depends on the type of infection and the gestational age at exposure. Early pregnancy infections often result in more severe outcomes, including miscarriage, stillbirth, or major congenital anomalies. Common clinical features in affected newborns include intrauterine growth restriction, microcephaly, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, rash, and neurological deficits such as seizures or developmental delay.

Diagnosis involves maternal serological testing during pregnancy and neonatal evaluation through blood tests, imaging, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Early detection is critical for appropriate management and prevention of complications.

Treatment varies depending on the specific infection; for example, antiviral therapy for HSV or CMV and antibiotics for bacterial causes like syphilis. Preventive measures include maternal screening, vaccination (e.g., rubella), proper hygiene, and avoiding exposure to infectious agents during pregnancy. Timely intervention can significantly improve neonatal outcomes.