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Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) is a life-threatening systemic infection that occurs within the first 72 hours of life, primarily acquired from the mother's vaginal canal. Group B Streptococcus and Escherichia coli are two of the most prevalent infections that cause it. Some things that can increase the risk are breaking the membranes too early, a fever in the mother, chorioamnionitis, and giving birth too soon.

Clinically, early-onset sepsis (EOS) frequently manifests with non-specific symptoms, including respiratory distress, temperature instability, lethargy, inadequate eating, apnoea (temporary cessation of breathing), and hypotension (low blood pressure). A high level of suspicion is necessary because the symptoms are mild and can get worse quickly. Blood cultures, a complete blood count, and C-reactive protein are all part of the diagnosis. If meningitis is suspected, a lumbar puncture may also be needed.

Management necessitates the immediate commencement of empirical intravenous antibiotics, generally a mix of ampicillin and gentamicin, succeeded by tailored therapy informed by culture results. Supportive care, such as breathing support, hydration management, and close monitoring in a neonatal critical care unit, is very important.

To stop Group B Streptococcus from spreading, pregnant women should be screened for it and given antibiotics during labour if they are at high risk. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment greatly lower the number of people who get sick or die from this disorder.