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Apnoea of prematurity (AOP) is a prevalent respiratory condition observed in preterm newborns, especially those delivered prior to 37 weeks of gestation. Pauses in breathing that persist more than 20 seconds or shorter pauses that are accompanied by bradycardia (slow heart rate) or oxygen desaturation are signs of this condition. The fundamental reason is that the central respiratory control system in the brain is not fully developed, which makes it hard to keep a steady breathing rhythm.

There are three main kinds of AOP: central apnoea (not breathing), obstructive apnoea (blocked airway), and mixed apnoea (a mix of the two). Being born with a low birth weight, having lungs that aren't fully matured, and having a brain that isn't fully developed are all risk factors. Cyanosis, hypotonia, and abnormal breathing patterns are some of the signs that may be present.

Management is mostly about keeping an eye on things and giving support. Gentle stimulation typically helps people start breathing again during episodes. Methylxanthines, such as caffeine citrate, are often used in pharmacological treatments because they stimulate the respiratory center. In more serious situations, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or mechanical ventilation may be needed.

Most babies with AOP become better as their nervous and respiratory systems grow up, usually by 36 to 40 weeks after their last period. Timely and appropriate management usually leads to good long-term results.