Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)

Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) refers to a condition in which a fetus does not achieve its genetically predetermined growth potential during pregnancy. It is commonly identified when the fetal weight is below the 10th percentile for gestational age. IUGR can result from various maternal, fetal, and placental factors. Maternal causes include hypertension, malnutrition, anemia, infections, and substance abuse. Placental insufficiency is one of the most frequent contributors, limiting the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus.

There are two main types of Intrauterine Growth Restriction: symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric IUGR involves proportionate reduction in fetal size, often due to early pregnancy issues such as chromosomal abnormalities or infections. Asymmetric IUGR typically occurs later in pregnancy and is characterized by normal head size but reduced abdominal circumference, often linked to placental dysfunction.

Diagnosis is usually made through ultrasound measurements, Doppler studies, and monitoring fetal growth patterns. Management depends on severity and gestational age, involving close monitoring, nutritional support, and sometimes early delivery to prevent complications. If untreated, IUGR increases the risk of stillbirth, neonatal morbidity, and long-term health issues like developmental delays and chronic diseases.