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Aortic dissection is a serious and life-threatening condition involving a tear in the inner layer of the aorta, the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. When this inner layer tears, blood flows between the layers of the aortic wall, forcing them apart and creating a false channel. This process can weaken the artery and may lead to rupture, which is often fatal if not treated immediately.

The condition is commonly associated with long-standing high blood pressure, connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome, or trauma. Symptoms typically include sudden, severe chest or upper back pain described as tearing or ripping, which may radiate to the neck or abdomen. Other signs can include shortness of breath, fainting, or stroke-like symptoms.

Aortic dissection is classified into two main types: Type A, involving the ascending aorta and requiring urgent surgical intervention, and Type B, affecting the descending aorta, often managed with medications and monitoring. Early diagnosis through imaging techniques like CT scan, MRI, or echocardiography is crucial. Prompt treatment significantly improves survival and reduces complications.