Definition:
Esophageal cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the
esophagus, the muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach.
Types:
Adenocarcinoma
– develops in mucus-producing gland cells, usually in the lower
esophagus.
Squamous cell carcinoma
– arises from flat cells lining the esophagus, more common in the
middle/upper sections.
Prevalence:
More common in men, especially over age 60. Adenocarcinoma is now the most
frequent type in Western countries, while squamous cell carcinoma
dominates globally.
Risk Factors
Lifestyle:
Smoking, heavy alcohol use, obesity, and frequent consumption of very hot
liquids.
Medical conditions:
Chronic acid reflux (GERD), Barrett’s esophagus, achalasia, and prior
radiation exposure to the chest.
Symptoms
Difficulty swallowing (progressive
dysphagia)
Chest pain or burning sensation
Persistent cough or hoarseness
Unexplained weight loss
Worsening indigestion or heartburn
Diagnosis
Endoscopy with biopsy
– direct visualization and tissue sampling.
Imaging tests
– CT scans, barium swallow, and endoscopic ultrasound to assess tumor
spread.
Staging
– determines whether cancer is localized, regional, or distant, guiding
treatment.
Treatment Options
Surgery (esophagectomy)
– removal of part or all of the esophagus.
Radiation & chemotherapy
– often combined before or after surgery.
Targeted therapy & immunotherapy
– newer approaches for advanced cases.
Endoscopic procedures
– minimally invasive removal of small tumors or precancerous lesions.
???? Prevention
Quit smoking and limit alcohol.
Maintain a healthy weight and eat a diet
rich in fruits and vegetables.
Manage acid reflux and Barrett’s
esophagus with medical supervision.
