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Pneumothorax, commonly known as a collapsed lung, occurs when air accumulates in the pleural space between the lung and chest wall, causing partial or complete lung collapse. This condition disrupts normal lung expansion and can significantly impair breathing.

Pneumothorax is classified into different types, including spontaneous (primary or secondary), traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax often occurs without an obvious cause, typically in tall, thin individuals, while secondary pneumothorax develops in patients with underlying lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Traumatic pneumothorax results from chest injuries, whereas tension pneumothorax is a severe, life-threatening form where trapped air increases pressure on the lungs and heart.

Common symptoms include sudden chest pain, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, and fatigue. In severe cases, oxygen levels drop, leading to cyanosis and distress. Diagnosis is usually confirmed through chest X-ray or CT scan.

Treatment depends on severity. Small pneumothoraces may resolve on their own with observation and oxygen therapy, while larger cases require needle aspiration or chest tube insertion to remove trapped air. Emergency intervention is crucial in tension pneumothorax.

Early recognition and prompt treatment are essential to restore lung function and prevent recurrence or complications.