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Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that mostly impacts the inner lining of the colon and rectum. It produces inflammation that lasts a long time and painful ulcers. This can cause symptoms including bloody diarrhoea, stomach pains, rectal bleeding, exhaustion, and weight loss that you didn't plan on. The illness frequently progresses gradually, characterised by alternating flare-ups and periods of remission.

Researchers still don't know exactly what causes UC, but they think it might be a mix of genetic predisposition, an immune system that doesn't work right, and things in the environment. People who have a family history of IBD are more likely to get it, and it is most often found in young people, but it can happen at any age.

Complications of untreated UC may encompass severe dehydration, perforated colon, toxic megacolon, and an elevated risk of colon cancer. To confirm inflammation and rule out other illnesses, doctors usually use colonoscopy, biopsies, blood tests, and stool studies to make a diagnosis.

There is no permanent cure; however, treatments like anti-inflammatory medicines, immunosuppressants, biologics, and surgery can help a lot with symptoms. Making lifestyle changes, including eating a balanced diet, minimising stress, and staying hydrated, is also very important for controlling the condition. Most patients can live active, happy lives with the right medical care.