Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, occurs when glucose levels fall below the normal range, usually under 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L). Glucose is the primary fuel for the brain and body, so a sudden drop can disrupt normal function and trigger acute symptoms. Common signs include trembling, sweating, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, headache, hunger, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. In more severe episodes, a person may become confused, slurred speech, or even lose consciousness and have seizures.

Hypoglycemia is most often linked to diabetes treatment, especially when insulin or certain oral drugs are overdosed, meals are delayed, or physical activity increases without adequate carbohydrate intake. However, it can also occur in people without diabetes due to rare hormone disorders, liver disease, fasting, or some medications. Mild hypoglycemia is usually managed with 15–20 g of fast?acting carbohydrates, such as juice or glucose tablets, followed by retesting after 15 minutes. Severe cases may require emergency glucagon or intravenous glucose to rapidly raise blood sugar and prevent life?threatening complications. Regular glucose monitoring and individualized treatment plans are key to preventing recurrent episodes.