Medical Services

A hole (perforation) in the wall of a hollow abdominal organ, usually the stomach or duodenum, allows intestinal contents to flow into the peritoneal cavity, causing severe inflammation and infection. This can result in perforated peritonitis, a potentially fatal surgical emergency. Usually, it begins with acute, intense abdominal pain that spreads quickly. If treatment is postponed, it may also cause soreness, stiffness, fever, vomiting, and indications of sepsis or shock.

Risk factors and causes

Peptic ulcer illness, appendicitis, enteric-related ileal perforation (a hole in the ileum, which is part of the small intestine), trauma, TB (tuberculosis), cancer, and post-operative leaks are among the common causes. Chronic NSAID usage, drunkenness, smoking, typhoid infections, and underlying abdominal pathologies that damage the gut wall are risk factors.

Identification and management

Clinical indicators of peritonitis and imaging (erect abdominal X-ray demonstrating pneumoperitoneum; CT scan in certain situations) are used to make the diagnosis. Broad-range antibiotics, preoperative optimisation, quick fluid resuscitation, and final surgery—typically an exploratory laparotomy with primary closure or resection and occasionally a diversion stoma—are all part of the management process. Early presentation, prompt surgery, and sufficient intensive care support are critical factors in the outcome.