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Gynaecomastia is the harmless growth of male breast glandular tissue that happens when oestrogen and testosterone levels are out of balance. It usually happens during three stages of life: infancy, puberty, and old age. In teenagers, it normally goes away on its own in one to two years. In older men, lower testosterone levels make it more likely to happen.

Pathological gynaecomastia may be caused by liver disease, chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, obesity, testicular tumours, or certain drugs, such as spironolactone, anabolic steroids, anti-androgens, and some antipsychotics. Patients have a soft to firm, concentric, rubbery mass beneath the areola, which may be unilateral or bilateral. There may be some mild soreness, especially in the beginning.

Diagnosis entails clinical examination, hormonal assessment where necessary, and imaging techniques such as ultrasonography or mammography to rule out male breast cancer. The cause of the problem determines how to handle it. Physiological cases necessitate reassurance and monitoring. In cases that don't go away or are painful, doctors may think about using selective oestrogen receptor modulators as a treatment. Surgery, including liposuction or gland ectomy, is only an option for long-term or visually bothersome hypertrophy.
The prognosis is usually excellent, especially when secondary problems are found and treated correctly.