Mastitis

Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the breast, most frequently occurring in lactating women, particularly within the first six weeks postpartum. It develops due to milk stasis combined with bacterial entry through cracked or sore nipples. The most common causative organism is Staphylococcus aureus, although other skin flora may also be involved. In non-lactational cases, ductal obstruction, smoking, or underlying systemic illness may contribute.

Clinically, mastitis presents with localized breast pain, redness, warmth, and swelling, often affecting a single quadrant. Patients may experience fever, chills, fatigue, and flu-like symptoms. The affected area may feel firm and tender, but unlike abscess formation, there is usually no distinct fluctuant mass initially. Early recognition is important to prevent progression to a breast abscess.

Diagnosis is primarily clinical. Ultrasonography may be performed if symptoms persist despite treatment to rule out abscess formation. Management includes appropriate antibiotics targeting common pathogens, adequate hydration, analgesics, and continued breastfeeding or milk expression to relieve engorgement and prevent milk stasis.

With timely treatment, symptoms typically resolve within a few days. Preventive strategies include proper breastfeeding techniques, frequent feeding, good nipple hygiene, and prompt management of engorgement or cracked nipples to reduce recurrence risk.