Hiatal Hernia

Weakened diaphragm muscles from aging, injury, trauma, or congenital large hiatus allow the stomach to herniate. Increased abdominal pressure from obesity, pregnancy, heavy lifting, chronic coughing, vomiting, or straining during bowel movements exacerbates the issue. Types include sliding (most common, 95%) and paraesophageal, where part of the stomach rolls beside the esophagus, risking strangulation.

Symptoms to Recognize

Many remain asymptomatic, but common signs mimic GERD: intense heartburn, acid reflux, regurgitation of food or sour liquid, bloating, belching, nausea, and early fullness after eating. Chest or abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, sore throat, or shortness of breath occur; severe cases involve vomiting blood, black stools, or anemia from bleeding ulcers.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Endoscopy, barium swallow X-rays, manometry, or pH testing confirm it alongside symptoms. Lifestyle changes like weight loss, small meals, head elevation, and avoiding triggers manage mild cases; medications reduce acid. Surgery (fundoplication or repair) suits persistent or complicated hernias, often laparoscopic with quick recovery.