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Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignancy arising from the exocrine or endocrine tissues of the pancreas, most commonly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. It is known for showing up late in the disease process, invading nearby tissues early, and spreading to distant organs, especially the liver and peritoneum. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include chronic pancreatitis, long-standing diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity, genetic alterations such as BRCA1/BRCA2, and a family history of the disease.

Patients frequently exhibit ambiguous, non-specific symptoms, including epigastric discomfort extending to the back, unexplained weight loss, anorexia, obstructive jaundice, and the emergence of diabetes in older adults. Most cases are detected at an advanced stage because early disease normally doesn't show any symptoms. A contrast-enhanced CT scan, an MRI, an endoscopic ultrasonography with fine-needle aspiration, and a tumour marker CA 19-9 test are all part of the diagnostic examination.

How to treat it depends on the stage. Surgical resection, such as the Whipple technique, is the only possible cure, although only a few people can have it done. Chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and palliative care are all types of multimodal therapy that are needed for advanced disease to reduce biliary blockage and discomfort. Strategies for early detection and molecular research are always getting better to help people live longer.