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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent primary cancer of the liver, originating from hepatocytes. It usually happens when someone has chronic liver disease, like cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcohol-related liver disease, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Long-term liver inflammation and fibrosis cause cells to grow abnormally and turn cancerous.

In clinical practice, early-stage HCC may be asymptomatic and is frequently identified during surveillance of high-risk individuals. Progressive illness may manifest with right upper quadrant pain, weight loss, anorexia, hepatomegaly, ascites, or jaundice. A sudden decline in a cirrhotic patient should prompt suspicion of malignant development. High blood levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) can help with diagnosis, but they aren't the only thing that can.

Imaging is a key part in finding and staging. Triphasic contrast-enhanced CT or MRI shows the typical arterial phase increase with portal venous washout. The stage of the tumour, the health of the liver, and the patient's overall health all affect how the disease is treated. Surgical resection, liver transplantation, and local ablative therapy like radiofrequency ablation are all alternatives for curing the disease. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), targeted therapy, or immunotherapy may be used to treat illness that can't be removed. Early monitoring of cirrhotic patients greatly enhances survival rates.