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Colorectal cancer is a malignant tumour that originates from the epithelial lining of the colon or rectum and typically evolves from precancerous adenomatous polyps via a multistep carcinogenesis process. It is one of the main causes of cancer-related illness and death around the world. Factors that can increase your risk include ageing, having a family history of certain diseases, suffering from long-term inflammatory bowel diseases like Ulcerative Colitis, leading a sedentary lifestyle, being overweight, smoking, and consuming a lot of red meat.

Patients may show signs of changed bowel habits, rectal bleeding, iron-deficiency anaemia, abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, or intestinal obstruction in severe stages. Early-stage disease sometimes presents without symptoms, underscoring the necessity of regular monitoring. For rectal tumours, diagnostic examination comprises colonoscopy with biopsy, histological confirmation, and radiographic staging using contrast-enhanced CT scans or MRI.

The stage and location of the tumour determine how it is treated. Surgical excision with regional lymphadenectomy continues to be the foundation of curative treatment. Based on TNM staging, adjuvant chemotherapy, targeted treatment, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy (especially for rectal cancer) are all used together. People at high risk can prevent cancer through regular screening colonoscopy, faecal occult blood testing, lifestyle changes, and genetic counselling.