Peptic Ulcer Disease

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by the formation of open sores in the inner lining of the stomach or the proximal duodenum. These ulcers develop when the protective mucosal barrier is compromised, allowing gastric acid and pepsin to damage the underlying tissue. The most common etiological factors include infection with Helicobacter pylori, prolonged use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive gastric acid secretion, smoking, and chronic stress.

Clinically, patients may present with epigastric burning pain, bloating, nausea, early satiety, or nocturnal discomfort. In severe cases, complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation, or gastric outlet obstruction may occur, requiring urgent medical intervention. Diagnosis is confirmed through upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and testing for H. pylori infection is essential for targeted therapy.

Management includes proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to suppress acid secretion, antibiotic eradication therapy for H. pylori, discontinuation of ulcerogenic medications, and dietary modifications. Early diagnosis and evidence-based treatment significantly reduce recurrence and prevent life-threatening complications.