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Chronic non-healing oral ulcers are persistent lesions of the oral mucosa that fail to resolve within two to three weeks despite routine care. They represent an important clinical concern, as they may indicate underlying systemic disease or early oral malignancy. Common causes include chronic trauma from sharp teeth or ill-fitting prostheses, nutritional deficiencies such as iron, vitamin B12, or folate, autoimmune conditions, infections, and adverse drug reactions. Tobacco use and alcohol consumption further impair mucosal healing and increase risk.

Clinically, these ulcers may present as painful or painless lesions with indurated margins, irregular borders, or a necrotic base. Associated symptoms can include bleeding, dysphagia, or referred pain. A thorough history, detailed oral examination, and elimination of local irritants are essential first steps. When ulcers persist, biopsy and relevant laboratory investigations are mandatory to exclude oral squamous cell carcinoma or systemic pathology.

Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, improving oral hygiene, correcting nutritional deficiencies, and providing symptomatic relief. Early referral to an oral and maxillofacial surgeon or specialist is crucial, as timely diagnosis significantly improves prognosis and prevents serious complications.