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Precancerous and high-risk lesions of the oral and maxillofacial region are abnormal tissue changes that have the potential to progress into malignant cancers if left untreated. Common types include leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, actinic keratosis, and lichen planus. Early detection and intervention are critical to prevent malignant transformation and improve patient outcomes.

These lesions often present as white, red, or mixed patches, sometimes accompanied by ulceration, thickening, or restricted mouth opening. Risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, chronic irritation, viral infections such as HPV, and genetic predispositions. Clinical evaluation is followed by diagnostic procedures, including biopsy and histopathological examination, to assess the severity and dysplastic changes.

Management depends on lesion type, size, and risk profile. Treatment options range from lifestyle modifications, cessation of harmful habits, and close monitoring to surgical excision or laser therapy for high-risk lesions. Adjunctive therapies, including topical agents and chemopreventive approaches, may be recommended. Regular follow-up and patient education are essential to detect recurrence or progression early. Multidisciplinary care involving oral surgeons, oncologists, and dental specialists ensures comprehensive management.

Timely identification and appropriate treatment of precancerous and high-risk lesions significantly reduce the risk of oral cancer, preserving oral function, aesthetics, and overall health.