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Floor of mouth tumors are abnormal growths that develop in the region beneath the tongue, between the lower jaw and the tongue. This area is highly susceptible to malignant changes due to thin mucosa, rich blood supply, and direct exposure to carcinogens. The majority of floor of mouth tumors are malignant, with oral squamous cell carcinoma being the most common histological type. Benign lesions such as ranulas, salivary gland tumors, and cysts may also occur but are less frequent.

Tobacco use, including smoking and smokeless forms, is the primary risk factor for malignant floor of mouth tumors. Excessive alcohol consumption, poor oral hygiene, chronic irritation, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection further increase risk. These tumors often present with subtle early symptoms, making early detection challenging. Common clinical features include a painless lump or ulcer, difficulty in tongue movement, altered speech, swallowing discomfort, excessive salivation, and unexplained bleeding.

As the disease progresses, patients may experience pain, jaw stiffness, weight loss, and enlarged neck lymph nodes due to metastatic spread. Diagnosis involves detailed clinical examination, imaging studies, and confirmatory biopsy. Management depends on tumor type and stage and may include surgical excision, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical for improving prognosis, preserving oral function, and enhancing long-term survival.